"Massive scale" shut-down of polling places in districts known for suppressing black voters. Almost half of all Texas counties in our sample closed polling places since Shelby, resulting in 403 fewer voting locations for the 2016 election than in past years. These closures come as the state’s voter ID law has become a leading example of voting discrimination since Shelby and include reductions in counties like Medina, Caldwell, Nueces, and Galveston-each with established records of discrimination and recent violations of the Voting Rights Act.